This study aims to provide an understanding of the significance and impact of the stronger sanctions than were enforced against North Korea from 2016. To that end, it first discusses the concept of DPRK sanctions. The discussion begins with a comparison of past and present sanctions against North Korea, and then explores the US’　perspective　and the commonalities and differences between the present DPRK sanctions and sanctions against other nations, such as Iran. This is followed by an analysis of the economic impact on North Korea from 2016-17 to the present. Specifically, the North Korean economy was divided into trade, industry, foreign exchange, markets and the informal sector, and food and agriculture, and an analysis was conducted on how each area was affected and to what extent. While the analysis is based on empirical data, it also looks into the qualitative information observed from the North Korean economy. Lastly, this study examines the economic repercussions of sanctions in relation to the future of the North Korean economy. By employing new perspectives and data to analyze the qualitative, not quantitative, impact of sanctions on trade, which is tied to North Korea's economic growth, it discusses the growth trajectory of North Korea when sanctions are maintained and when they are lifted.

Preface
Executive Summary

Chapter 1: Introduction
　Section 1: Purpose and Characteristics of the Study
　Section 2: Methodology
　Section 3: Structure of the Study
　Section 4: Limitations and Significance

Chapter 2: Historical Perspective of Sanctions on North Korea
　Section 1: Introduction
　Section 2: South Korea
　Section 3: United States
　Section 4: Japan
　Section 5: United Nations
　Section 6: Conclusion

Chapter 3: Features and Structure of International Sanctions on North Korea
　Section 1: U.S. Regulations that Neutralize the Effectiveness of Sanctions and North Korea's Irrational Pricing System
　Section 2: U.S. Tariff Rates in 2016 and North Korean Exports to China
　Section 3: Executive Orders and Other U.S. Sanctions
　Section 4: UN Security Council Nuclear Sanctions
　Section 5: Surprisingly Serious Economic Impacts
　Section 6: The Future of Sanctions: Focusing on Incentives is More Important

Chapter 4: Comparison of Sanctions on Iran (2010-12) and North Korea (2016-17)
　Section 1: Overview of the International Multilateral Sanctions Regime
　Section 2: Similarities between International Sanctions on Iran and North Korea
　Section 3: Differences between Sanctions on Iran and North Korea
　Section 4: Comparison of Sanctions' Effectiveness
　Section 5: Conclusion

Chapter 5: North Korean Sanctions and North Korean Foreign Trade
　Section 1: International Sanctions on North Korea Related to Trade
　Section 2: Impact of Sanctions on North Korea
　Section 3: Empirical Analysis of the Effectiveness of Sanctions on North Korea
　Section 4: Impact of COVID-19
　Section 5: Evaluation and Implications
Appendix

Chapter 6: Impact of Sanctions on North Korean Industries Through Trade: Focusing on Agriculture, Forestry, and Mining and Manufacturing Industries
　Section 1: Introduction
　Section 2: Impact of Sanctions on North Korea's Trade Industry
　Section 3: Comprehensive Discussion and Policy Implications
　Section 4: Conclusion

Chapter 7: Impact of International Sanctions on North Korean Foreign Currency Supply from 2016 to 2020
　Section 1: Introduction
　Section 2: Enhanced Sanctions on North Korea Since 2016
　Section 3: Implications of Previous Studies on North Korea's Foreign Currency Supply Before 2016
　Section 4: Estimation of North Korea's Foreign Currency Supply from 2016 to 2019
　Section 5: Estimation of North Korea's Foreign Currency Supply in 2020
　Section 6: Estimation of North Korea's Foreign Currency Reserves
　Section 7: Implications and Conclusion

Chapter 8: Impact of Strengthened Sanctions on the North Korean Market
　Section 1: Introduction
　Section 2: Dual Economic Structure of North Korea
　Section 3: Impact of Sanctions: Official vs. Informal Sectors
　Section 4: Impact of Sanctions on the North Korean Market: Focusing on Market Price Changes
　Section 5: Assessment and Prospects

Chapter 9: Is It a Recurrence of Famine? - Evidence-Based Evaluation of the Economic and Humanitarian Impact of UN Sanctions -
　Section 1: Analysis Data
　Section 2: Expansion of UN Sanctions
　Section 3: Humanitarian Impact of UN Sanctions on Children

Chapter 10: Analysis of the Qualitative Changes in North Korean Trade and Sanctions on North Korea - Implications for North Korean Growth from the 2000s Sanctions by Japan and South Korea -
　Section 1: Introduction
　Section 2: Design - Subjects of Analysis, Methodology, and Data
　Section 3: Analysis 1 - Measuring Qualitative Changes in North Korean Trade
　Section 4: Analysis 2 - Tracking Changes in the Product Structure of North Korean Trade
　Section 5: Analysis 3 - Estimating Changes in North Korean Export Prices
　Section 6: Conclusion

Chapter 11: Sanctions on North Korea and Future Economic Growth of North Korea
　Section 1: Introduction
　Section 2: Review of Existing Studies
　Section 3: Methodology of Analysis and Statistical Data
　Section 4: Forecasting North Korean Economic Growth
　Section 5: Summary and Implications

Chapter 12: Conclusion
　Section 1: Facts Discovered through Analysis and Discussion
　Section 2: Several Hypotheses Explaining the Discovered Facts and Their Implications

References
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